Hauj lwm lawm

Kev tsis

Vim Li Cas Xaiv Peb

Kev Pabcuam Cov Neeg Siv Khoom
Peb khwv tau koj kev hwm los ntawm kev xa khoom raws sijhawm thiab ntawm pob nyiaj siv. Peb tau tsim peb lub koob npe nrov ntawm kev pabcuam tshwjxeeb rau cov neeg siv khoom. Tshawb nrhiav qhov txawv nws ua.

Kev txawj ntse thiab kev paub
Peb pab pawg kws tshaj lij muaj ntau xyoo dhau los hauv kev xa cov kev pabcuam zoo rau peb cov neeg siv khoom. Peb ntiav tsuas yog cov kws tshaj lij tshaj lij uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev xa cov txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb.

One-stop Service
Peb cog lus tias yuav muab koj cov lus teb ceev tshaj plaws, tus nqi zoo tshaj, qhov zoo tshaj plaws, thiab ua tiav cov kev pab cuam tom qab muag.

Technology ntawm lub xeev
Peb siv cov cuab yeej technology tshiab thiab cov cuab yeej los xa cov kev pabcuam zoo. Peb pab neeg tau paub zoo txog qhov tseeb tiam sis thiab kev nce qib hauv kev siv tshuab thiab siv lawv los muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws.

Tus nqi sib tw
Peb muab cov nqi sib tw rau peb cov kev pabcuam yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo. Peb cov nqi yog pob tshab, thiab peb tsis ntseeg hauv cov nqi zais lossis cov nqi.

Cov neeg siv khoom txaus siab
Peb tau cog lus tias yuav xa cov kev pabcuam zoo tshaj plaws uas tshaj peb cov neeg tau txais kev cia siab. Peb siv zog los xyuas kom meej tias peb cov neeg siv khoom txaus siab rau peb cov kev pabcuam thiab ua haujlwm ze nrog lawv kom ntseeg tau tias lawv tau ntsib.

37 CATALYST yog dab tsi

Catalysts yog cov neeg tsis paub txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas ua rau tib neeg zej zog zuam. Ib qho catalyst yog qee yam khoom siv uas ua rau muaj tshuaj lom neeg. Nrog kev pab txhais tes los ntawm lub catalyst, cov molecules uas yuav siv sij hawm ntau xyoo los cuam tshuam tam sim no tuaj yeem ua li ntawd hauv vib nas this.

TMBPA

Hom Lub Npe: MXC-C15
CROSS REFERENCE GUIDE: POLYCAT 15
Khoom npe: Tetramethyliminobispropylamine
CAS Nr.: 6711-48-4
PURITY: Min.95%
Dej: Max.0.5%

33 LV CATALYST

Hom Lub Npe: MXC-A33
CROSS REFERENCE GUIDE: DABCO 33LV
PRODUCT NAME: 33% TEDA hauv 67% DPG
CAS Nr.: 280-57-9
PURITY: Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 33%
COV TSWV YIM: Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug rau 0.5%

BDMAEE tau

Hom Lub Npe: MXC-A1
CROSS REFERENCE GUIDE: DABCO BL-11
Khoom npe: BIS(2-DIMETHYLAMINOETHYL) ETHER(A-1)
CAS Nr.: 3033-62-3
Purity: 70% ± 1%
Dej: Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug rau 0.3%

BDMA CATALYST

Hom Lub Npe: MXC-BDMA
CROSS REFERENCE GUIDE: DABCO BDMA
Khoom npe: N, N-DIMETHYLBENZYLAMINE
CAS Nr.: 103-83-3
PURITY: Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 98.5%
Dej: Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug rau 0.5%

T CATALYST

Hom Lub Npe: MXC-T
CROSS REFERENCE GUIDE: DABCO T, JEFFCATZ-110
Khoom npe: N, N, N′-trimethylaminoethylethanolamine
CAS Nr.: 2212-32-0
PURITY: Min.98%
Dej: Max.0.5%

ZR{0}} CATALYST

Hom Lub Npe: MXC-R70
CROSS REFERENCE GUIDE: JEFFCAT ZR-70
Khoom npe: 2-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)ethanol
CAS Nr.: 1704-62-7
PURITY: Min.98%
Cov ntsiab lus dej: Max.0.3%

TRIAZINE CATALYST

Hom Lub Npe: MXC-41
CROSS REFERENCE GUIDE: POLYCAT 41
Khoom npe: 1,3,5-Tris(3-dimethylaminopropyl) hexahydro-s-triazine
CAS Nr.: 15875-13-5
viscosity ntawm 25 degree: 26 ~ 33mp.s
Cov ntsiab lus dej: Max.1.0%

DMEA CATALYST

Hom Lub Npe: MXC-DMEA
CROSS REFERENCE GUIDE: DABCO DMEA
Khoom npe: Dimethylethanolamine (DMEA)
CAS Nr.: 108-01-0
PURITY: Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 99.00%
Dej: Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug rau 0.20%

TEDA CATALYST

Hom Lub Npe: MXC-TEDA
CROSS REFERENCE GUIDE: TEDA
Khoom npe: Triethylenediamine (TEDA)
CAS Nr.: 280-57-9
PURITY: Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 99.0%
Dej: Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug rau 0.5%

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm Catalyst

Lub catalyst yog ib yam khoom uas ua kom muaj tshuaj lom neeg, tab sis tsis noj los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv; li no tus catalyst tuaj yeem rov qab tau cov tshuaj tsis hloov pauv thaum kawg ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nws tau siv los ua kom nrawm, lossis catalyze.

Kev sib tham
Rau cov tshuaj ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, lawv cov ntawv cog lus yuav tsum tau kho dua tshiab, vim tias cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov khoom hauv cov reactants. Cov kauj ruam qeeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv daim ntawv cog lus rearrangement ua rau lub xeev hloov pauv - hom tshuaj uas tsis yog reactant lossis ib yam khoom, tab sis yog qhov nruab nrab ntawm ob.
Reactant ⇄ Transition State ⇄ Khoom
Lub zog yuav tsum tau ua rau lub xeev hloov pauv. Lub zog no hu ua lub zog ua kom muaj zog, lossis Ea. Nyeem daim duab hauv qab no los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis qhia tau hais tias kev nce qib ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li cov reactants dhau los ntawm lub xeev hloov mus ua cov khoom.

Beating lub Barrier
Lub zog ua kom muaj zog tuaj yeem xav tias yog qhov cuam tshuam rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj, ib qho teeb meem uas yuav tsum tau hla. Yog hais tias lub barrier yog siab, ob peb molecules muaj txaus kinetic zog los sib tsoo, tsim ib tug hloov lub xeev, thiab hla lub barrier. Reactants nrog lub zog qis dua Ea tsis tuaj yeem dhau los ntawm lub xeev hloov pauv kom hnov mob thiab ua cov khoom.
Lub catalyst ua haujlwm los ntawm kev muab txoj hauv kev sib txawv, nrog qis Ea, rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Catalysts txo lub zog barrier. Txoj kev sib txawv tso cai rau cov ntawv cog lus rov tsim kho uas xav tau los hloov cov reactants rau cov khoom kom tau txais qhov chaw yooj yim dua, nrog lub zog qis dua. Nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm luv luv, lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug catalyst tso cai rau ib tug ntau dua kev faib ua feem ntawm cov reactant hom tuaj tos lub zog txaus kom dhau los ntawm lub xeev txoj kev hloov thiab ua khoom.

Piv txwv 1: Tus Txheej Txheem Haber
Cov txheej txheem Haber, uas yog siv los ua ammonia los ntawm hydrogen thiab nitrogen, yog catalyzed los ntawm hlau, uas muab atomic qhov chaw uas cov reactant bonds yuav rearrange tau yooj yim dua los tsim lub xeev hloov.
N2 (gas) + 3H2 (gas) ⇌ 2NH3 (gas)

Piv txwv 2: Enzymes
Hauv peb lub cev, thiab lwm yam khoom muaj sia, cov enzymes tau siv los ua kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv biochemical. Ib qho enzyme yog ib hom catalyst. Lub neej nyuaj yuav tsis yooj yim sua yam tsis muaj enzymes tso cai rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm. Cov duab ntawm cov enzymes nrog rau qhov chaw ntawm cov enzyme uas khi rau cov reactants muab ib txoj hauv kev rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tso cai rau cov molecules tshwj xeeb los ua ke los ua ib qho kev hloov pauv nrog lub zog ua kom muaj zog.

Dab tsi yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov catalyst hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj

Lub catalyst ua kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis tau noj lossis hloov pauv hauv cov txheej txheem.

Hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv, lub catalyst yog ib yam khoom uas tuaj yeem nce tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj los ntawm kev muab lwm txoj kev tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog lub zog ua kom qis dua. Lub zog ua kom muaj zog yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus lub zog yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj qhov tshwm sim. Los ntawm kev txo qis lub zog tiv thaiv no, lub catalyst tso cai rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau dua kom muaj lub zog txaus los cuam tshuam, yog li ua kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sai.

Catalysts tsis tau noj hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, txhais tau tias lawv tuaj yeem siv tau ntau zaus. Lawv tsis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov sib npaug tshuaj sib npaug rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv vim lawv tsis hloov los yog ua ib feem ntawm cov khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ib ntus nrog cov reactants thaum lub sij hawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv, tsim ib qho kev sib xyaw nruab nrab uas tawg sai sai kom tso tawm cov khoom thiab rov tsim cov catalyst.

Catalysts tuaj yeem yog homogeneous lossis heterogeneous. Homogeneous catalysts nyob rau tib theem (khoom, kua, los yog roj) raws li cov reactants, thaum heterogeneous catalysts nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv theem. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm homogeneous catalyst yog kev siv sulfuric acid hauv kev tsim cov esters los ntawm carboxylic acids thiab cawv. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm heterogeneous catalyst yog siv cov platinum sib faib ua kom zoo hauv cov catalytic converters hauv tsheb kom ceev cov pa phem rau hauv cov khoom tsis zoo.

Kev nkag siab txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov catalysts yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm chemistry thiab kev lag luam. Lawv tau siv dav hauv cov txheej txheem kev lag luam txhawm rau txhim kho kev ua tau zoo thiab nrawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, txo cov nqi thiab kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Haber txheej txheem rau zus tau tej cov ammonia, ib tug hlau catalyst yog siv los ua kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm nitrogen thiab hydrogen.

Dab tsi yog Catalyst hauv Chemistry

Hauv Chemistry, catalysts tau txhais tias yog cov tshuaj uas hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm kev hloov txoj kev ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Feem ntau, ib qho catalyst yog siv los ua kom nrawm lossis nce tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias peb mus rau qib siab dua, cov catalysts tau siv los rhuav lossis rov tsim kho cov tshuaj sib txuas ntawm cov atoms uas muaj nyob hauv cov molecules ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv lossis cov tebchaw. Hauv cov ntsiab lus, catalysts txhawb cov molecules kom hnov mob thiab ua rau tag nrho cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv yooj yim dua thiab ua haujlwm zoo dua.

Qee cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov catalysts tau muab hauv qab no:
Lub catalyst tsis pib ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Ib tug catalyst tsis noj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Catalysts zoo li cov tshuaj reactants los tsim cov intermediates thiab, tib lub sij hawm, pab txhawb kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zaum kawg. Tom qab tag nrho cov txheej txheem, lub catalyst tuaj yeem rov tsim dua.
Ib qho catalyst tuaj yeem ua rau hauv cov khoom ua kua, kua lossis gaseous. Qee cov khoom catalysts muaj xws li hlau lossis lawv cov oxides, suav nrog sulfide thiab halides. Semi-metallic ntsiab xws li boron, txhuas thiab silicon kuj siv los ua catalysts. Ntxiv mus, kua thiab gaseous ntsiab lus, uas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntshiab, yog siv raws li catalysts. Qee zaum, cov ntsiab lus no kuj siv nrog rau cov kuab tshuaj uas tsim nyog lossis cov nqa khoom.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas koom nrog cov catalyst hauv lawv lub cev yog hu ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv catalytic. Hauv lwm lo lus, qhov kev txiav txim catalytic yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov catalyst thiab cov reactant. Qhov no tshwm sim hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj intermediates uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua nrog ib leeg lossis nrog lwm cov reactant los tsim cov khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov tshuaj intermediates thiab cov reactants tshwm sim los yog tshwm sim, cov catalyst yog regenerated.
Cov hom tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov catalysts thiab cov reactants feem ntau yuav sib txawv, thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom catalysts, nws yog complex. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv acid-base, oxidation-txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev sib koom ua ke tsim, nrog rau kev tsim cov dawb radicals. Rau cov khoom catalysts, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mechanism yog cuam tshuam los ntawm cov khoom nto thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob lossis cov khoom siv lead ua. Qee hom khoom catalysts, xws li polyfunctional catalysts, tuaj yeem muaj ntau hom tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov reactants.

Hom Catalysts nrog piv txwv

Muaj ntau ntau hom catalysts uas tuaj yeem siv nyob ntawm qhov xav tau lossis xav tau ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Lawv tau piav qhia hauv qab no.

Positive Catalysts
Catalysts uas nce tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj yog qhov zoo catalysts. Nws nce tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm kev txo qis kev ua kom lub zog teeb meem xws li ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv molecules hloov mus rau hauv cov khoom, thiab yog li qhov feem pua ntawm cov khoom lag luam nce ntxiv.
Piv txwv li catalyst zoo: Hauv kev npaj NH3 los ntawm Haber tus txheej txheem, hlau oxide ua raws li ib tug zoo catalyst thiab tsub kom lub yield ntawm ammonia txawm tias tsis tshua muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm nitrogen.

Tsis zoo Catalysts
Catalysts uas txo tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tsis zoo catalysts. Nws txo qis tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm kev ua kom lub zog ua kom muaj zog, uas txo tus naj npawb ntawm cov reactant molecules hloov mus rau hauv cov khoom, thiab li no tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txo.
Piv txwv tsis zoo catalyst: Lub decomposition ntawm hydrogen peroxide rau hauv dej thiab oxygen yog retarded los ntawm kev siv acetanilide, thiab qhov no ua raws li ib tug tsis zoo catalyst kom txo tus nqi ntawm decomposition ntawm hydrogen peroxide.

Promoter los yog Accelerators
Ib yam khoom uas ua rau kom cov catalyst kev ua si yog hu ua tus txhawb los yog accelerator.
Piv txwv li: Hauv Haber tus txheej txheem, molybdenum los yog sib tov ntawm cov poov tshuaj thiab txhuas oxides ua tus txhawb nqa.

Catalyst Poisons lossis Inhibitors
Cov tshuaj uas txo cov kev ua haujlwm catalyst hu ua catalyst tshuaj lom lossis inhibitors.
Piv txwv li: Hauv hydrogenation ntawm alkyne rau ib qho alkene, catalyst palladium raug tshuaj lom nrog barium sulphate hauv quinolone tov, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raug nres ntawm qib alkene. Hom catalyst no hu ua Lindler's catalyst.

Chav tsev
Lub SI unit tau txais los ntsuas qhov kev ua haujlwm catalytic ntawm lub catalyst yog "katal". Nws yog ntxiv kom muaj nuj nqis nyob rau hauv moles ib ob. Yog tias peb xav piav qhia txog kev tsim khoom ntawm cov catalyst, nws tuaj yeem txhais tau los ntawm tus lej hloov pauv (TON). Kev ua haujlwm catalytic tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntau zaus (TOF), uas yog TON ib lub sijhawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub enzyme chav tsev yog nws biochemical sib npaug.

Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm Catalysts

Qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm hauv cov khoom siv catalytic yog qhia ntxiv los ntawm kev txhim kho cov kev ua haujlwm catalytic ntawm cov khoom siv tsis zoo thaum lawv raug hluav taws xob hnyav. Silica gel bombarded los ntawm gamma rays los ntawm cobalt -60 hloov purplish nyob rau hauv cov xim thiab ua muaj peev xwm ntawm inducing cov tshuaj tiv thaiv H2 + D2 → 2HD ntawm kua-nitrogen kub. Cov chaw xim, uas yog qhov zoo "qhov" (qhov tsis zoo) nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntawm cov pa oxygen ion ntawm ib sab ntawm aluminium impurity, yog bleached hauv vacuo saum 200 degree (400 degree F) thiab raug puas los ntawm hydrogen txawm nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub.

Cov khoom ntawm dilute concentrations ntawm platinum hlau nyob rau hauv oxide matrices, xws li silica thiab alumina, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv carbon carriers tau kawm los ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab American zaum. Xws li cov catalysts muaj qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem rau kev hloov kho cov roj av. Nyob rau hauv xws li catalysts-muaj li ntawm 0.5 feem pua ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm platinum los yog palladium-lub degree ntawm dispersion ntawm cov hlau (uas yog, qhov piv ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm nto hlau atoms rau tag nrho cov xov tooj tam sim no) yog ze rau ib. Los ntawm qhov sib txawv, ntawm platinum foil qhov dispersion tsuas yog hais txog 4 × 10−3. Cov txheej txheem titration thiab adsorption nrog hydrogen thiab oxygen yog ua haujlwm los ntsuas cov dispersions.

Los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no nws pom tseeb tias muaj ob hom kev coj cwj pwm uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev tawg. Rau ntau cov txheej txheem catalytic, xws li los ntawm hydrogen-deuterium pauv mus rau hydrogenation ntawm benzene thiab hydrogenolysis ntawm cyclopentane, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ywj siab ntawm dispersion hauv cheeb tsam tseem ceeb-nrog catalyst particle loj ntawm 5 nm los yog tsawg dua. Cov txheej txheem zoo li no-insensitive tau raug hu ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yooj yim. Ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj cov kev cuam tshuam xws li isomerization ntawm neopentane rau isopentane thiab ib txhij tawg ntawm lub tom kawg rau isobutane thiab methane ntawm platinum-alumina catalysts, qhov twg cov kev xaiv rau isomerization txawv los ntawm ib qho ntawm 100 rau ntau yam catalysts kawm (thaum Qhov piv ntawm hydrogen-neopentane yog 10). Yog li, tib yam 1 feem pua platinum-on-carbon catalyst pom qhov kev xaiv ntawm isomerization rau hydrogenolysis ntawm 2.5 thaum lub catalyst raug txo nyob rau hauv hydrogen ntawm 500 degree (900 degree F) thiab ib tug selectivity ratio ntawm 13 thaum lub catalyst raug rho tawm haujlwm hauv vacuo. ntawm 900 degree (1,600 degree F), qhov feem pua ntawm cov dispersion tshuav ntawm 35 feem pua hauv ob qho tib si. Xws li cov qauv-rhiab catalytic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau raug hu ua "kev xav tau." Qhov nce hauv kev xaiv zoo li feem ntau vim yog qhov txo qis ntawm hydrogenolysis. Txij li thaum lwm cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias cua sov hauv vacuo mus rau 900 degree nyhav los txhim kho qee yam (111) lub ntsej muag ntawm cov hlau, nws xav tias qhov nce hauv kev xaiv yog vim muaj ntau dua triadsorption ntawm neopentane ntawm cov qauv raug rho tawm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Nws tau raug pom tias crystallite ntawm platinum txog 2 nm hauv qhov loj me muaj qhov txawv txav tsis muaj nyob rau hauv ib txwm octahedral crystallite ntawm qhov loj me. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm qhov chaw uas ib tug adsorbed molecule yuav nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm tsib platinum nyob ze cov neeg nyob ze tau pom nyob rau hauv crystallite nrog rau qhov txawv txawv nto.
Lwm txoj hauv kev rau qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov chaw catalysis yog qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv catalyst thiab reactants. Muaj ntau cov khoom siv catalytic yog semiconductors. Nws yog xav tias cov no tuaj yeem tsim ntau yam kev sib cog lus nrog cov reactants nyob ntawm qhov dawb lattice electrons thiab lub qhov hauv catalyst lattice. Chemisorbed particles reacts nyob rau hauv txoj kev uas yog nyob ntawm daim ntawv ntawm kev txuas mus rau saum npoo thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev pab cuam ntawm nto thiab nrog rau cov khoom muaj ntawm electrons thiab qhov. Qhov saum npoo coj zoo li cov dawb radicals uas tau nkag ncaj qha rau hauv hom reacting, nyob ntawm seb cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm qhov chaw thiab cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor. Xws li kev txiav txim siab tau ua rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm cov catalyst raws li ib qho semiconductor thiab cov adsorbate raws li hom electrochemical, txawm tias nws yog tsim los ntawm cov ions zoo lossis tsis zoo lossis cov atoms dawb lossis radicals. Catalytic kev ua si kuj tau tshawb pom raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm d-band cim-uas yog, tus naj npawb ntawm cov electrons hauv d orbitals hauv cov atom ntawm cov khoom siv catalyst.

Txij li thaum xyoo 1940 ntau yam cuab yeej cuab yeej tau tsim los tshawb nrhiav cov qauv ntawm cov khoom siv catalytic thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm hom adsorbed, txawm tias thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nws tus kheej. Ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog electron microscopy, field emission microscopy, electron microprobe method, magnetic measurements, infrared spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, ntsuas kub ntawm immersion, flash desorption cov txheej txheem, low-zog electron diffraction studies, thiab nuclear magnetic resonance thiab electron. .

Catalysis ua haujlwm li cas

Catalysis yog ib txoj hauv kev sib txawv rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas muaj lub zog ua kom qis dua. Thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj lub zog ua kom qis dua, nws tshwm sim yooj yim dua thiab yog li sai dua. Lub catalyst khi rau ib qho reactant thiab nws ua rau kom muaj kev sib tsoo ntawm cov reactant molecules, ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo dua thermodynamically. Thaum lub catalyst yog ib qho enzyme, lub enzyme khi rau hauv lub substrate, ua rau catalysis. Qee zaum khi cov catalyst thiab cov reactant hloov qhov kub ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, txhim kho nws lub peev xwm mus ntxiv. Qee lub sij hawm cov kauj ruam nruab nrab ntawm catalysis siv cov catalyst, tab sis tom qab cov kauj ruam tso tawm ua ntej cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tiav.

Nco ntsoov tias lub catalyst tsis hloov qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj vim nws cuam tshuam rau ob qho tib si rau pem hauv ntej thiab rov qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog li, lub catalyst tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov tsis tu ncua lossis theoretical yield. Tsis tas li ntawd, Gibbs dawb lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis hloov pauv.

Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm ib qho enzyme thiab catalyst

Ob leeg, enzymes thiab catalysts cuam tshuam tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yam tsis tau noj hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej. Tag nrho cov enzymes paub tias yog catalysts, tab sis tsis yog tag nrho cov catalysts yog enzymes.

Enzyme

Nws yog ib qho organic biocatalyst
Nws yog lub siab molecular globular protein
Tag nrho cov enzymes paub tias yog catalysts
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv enzyme sai dua
Nce tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab hloov cov substrate rau hauv cov khoom
Tshwj xeeb heev, ua kom muaj ntau qhov zoo residues
CC thiab CH daim ntawv cog lus tam sim no
Ob hom muaj xws li kev ua kom muaj zog thiab inhibitory enzymes
Piv txwv li lipase thiab amylase

Catalyst

Yog inorganic
Yog ib qho tsis tshua muaj molecular hnyav compound
Tag nrho cov catalysts tsis yog enzymes
Catalyst cov tshuaj tiv thaiv feem ntau qeeb dua
Tej zaum yuav nce lossis txo tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj
CC thiab CH daim ntawv cog lus tsis tuaj
Tsis yog tshwj xeeb thiab tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom seem nrog qhov yuam kev
Ob hom muaj xws li zoo thiab tsis zoo catalysts
Piv txwv suav nrog vanadium oxide

Peb lub Hoobkas

Peb muaj kev ruaj khov thiab zoo tshaj ntawm kev sib txuas, kev tswj xyuas nruj thiab kev ruaj ntseg zoo, pab pawg neeg paub txog thiab lub luag haujlwm, kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab kev nyab xeeb. Raws li qhov no, peb cov khoom tau lees paub zoo los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom hauv Tebchaws Europe, Asmeskas, Asia, Middle East thiab lwm yam.

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FAQ

Q: Yuav ua li cas lub zoo catalyst hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv?

A: Ib qho zoo catalyst yog ua kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi ua ntej los ntawm kev hloov txoj hauv kev ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm kev txo qis lub zog ua kom muaj zog, xws li ntau cov reactant molecules hloov mus rau hauv cov khoom.

Q: Lub luag haujlwm ntawm catalyst tshuaj lom hauv Rosenmund cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog dab tsi?

A: Hauv Rosenmund cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, aldehyde yog npaj los ntawm kev txo cov kua qaub halides nrog hydrogen roj nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm palladium. Yog tias tus catalyst tsis muaj tshuaj lom, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis raug tso tseg ntawm qib aldehyde, uas yog feather txo cov cawv. Txhawm rau nres ntawm qib aldehyde, palladium raug tshuaj lom nrog barium sulphate.

Q: Dab tsi yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv heterogeneous catalysis?

A: Nyob rau hauv heterogeneous catalysis, lub reacting thiab catalyst nyob rau hauv ntau lub xeev ntawm teeb meem. Cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov txheej txheem no yog raws li hauv qab no:
- Adsorption ntawm reactant molecules activation center.
- Tsim kom muaj kev ua kom muaj zog ntawm qhov chaw.
- Qhov no complex decomposes muab cov khoom.
- Desorption ntawm cov khoom los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub catalyst.

Q: Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa hauv Haber tus txheej txheem yog dab tsi?

A: Cov neeg txhawb nqa lossis cov accelerators nce cov kev ua haujlwm catalyst hauv cov txheej txheem. Hauv Haber tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov ammonia, nitrogen reacts nrog hydrogen los ua NH3. Nitrogen tsis tshua muaj zog, thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm ammonia tsawg heev. Txhawm rau nce qhov feem pua ntawm ammonia tsim, TSIS yog siv los ua tus txhawb nqa.

Q: Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm autocatalysis?

A: Nws pib catalysis yog tus kheej-catalysis, thiab nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no, ib qho ntawm cov khoom tsim ua raws li catalyst thiab nce cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Q: Catalyst txhais li cas hauv cov lus yooj yim?

A: Ib yam khoom uas hloov tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj tab sis nws tus kheej tsis hloov thaum kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem. tshwj xeeb tshaj yog : xws li ib yam khoom uas ua rau kom muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los yog ua kom nws mus rau hauv cov mob me me. Ib tug neeg lossis qhov xwm txheej uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv sai sai. lub scandal yog ib tug catalyst rau kev hloov kho.

Q: Cov lus teb catalyst yog dab tsi?

A: Lub catalyst yog ib yam khoom uas ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, lossis txo qhov kub lossis siab xav tau los pib ib qho, tsis tas siv nws tus kheej thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Catalysis yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ntxiv cov catalyst los pab txhawb kev tawm tsam.

Q: Ib qho piv txwv ntawm catalyst yog dab tsi?

A: Hlau - siv los ua cov catalyst rau kev sib txuas ntawm ammonia los ntawm nitrogen thiab hydrogen, los ntawm cov txheej txheem Haber. Zeolites - feem ntau siv los ua catalysts rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv organic xws li roj av tawg, thiab kev sib txuas ntawm hydrocarbons.

Q: Dab tsi yog qhov catalyst hauv biology?

A: Lub catalyst yog ib qho molecule uas tuaj yeem pab txhawb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis tau noj lossis hloov pauv. Zoo tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub cell nyob yuav tsum tau catalysts. Xws li biocatalysts hu ua enzymes.

Q: Puas yog catalyst yog qhov zoo?

A: Catalysts yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev ua cov yas thiab ntau lwm yam khoom tsim. Txawm tib neeg lub cev khiav ntawm catalysts. Ntau cov proteins hauv koj lub cev yog cov catalysts hu ua enzymes, uas ua txhua yam los ntawm kev tsim cov cim uas txav koj cov ceg los pab zom koj cov zaub mov. Lawv yeej yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej.

Q: Puas yog qhov catalyst zoo?

A: Catalysts mob siab rau kom ua tiav txoj haujlwm, thiab qhov kev mob siab rau kis tau. Lawv txhawb lwm tus kom ua tau zoo dua. Catalysts ua piv txwv. Lawv txhawb kev sib koom ua tswv cuab thiab kev lav phib xaub, thiab lawv txoj kev txaus siab yog kis tau.

Q: Dab tsi yog 3 hom catalyst?

A: Catalysts tuaj yeem muab faib ua homogeneous, heterogeneous, lossis enzymatic. Homogeneous catalysts muaj nyob rau tib theem li cov reactants, whereas heterogeneous catalysts muaj nyob rau hauv ib theem sib txawv dua li cov reactants.

Q: Yuav ua li cas ib yam dab tsi ua raws li catalyst?

A: Lub catalyst yog ib yam khoom uas nce tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm kev txo qis lub zog ua kom tsis txhob siv rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim, ib qho catalyst rov qab mus rau nws qhov qub qub; yog li catalysts tuaj yeem siv ntau dua.

Q: Dab tsi yog lwm lub sij hawm rau catalyst?

A: Kev txhawb nqa kev txhawb siab txhawb nqa. Kev sib tw muaj zog. adjuvant agitator enzyme goad impulse incendiary incitation incitement reactant spur synergist. Tsis muaj qhov sib tw. radical stimulus spark plug yoj txiag.

Q: Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm lub catalyst?

A: Inhibitor. Enzyme inhibitors yog cov polar opposite ntawm catalysts nyob rau hauv uas lawv qeeb cov txheej txheem tshuaj. Tej zaum lawv txawm yuav tso tseg ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv. Inhibitors yog dav cais raws li kev sib tw thiab tsis sib tw inhibitors. Ib qho kev sib tw inhibitor yog paub los sib tw nrog substrate rau khi rau ib qho chaw nquag.

Q: Dab tsi ua rau lub catalyst zoo?

A: "High deg cheeb tsam" yog kab tias feem ntau cov cuab yeej sib koom los ntawm cov khoom siv hlau ua tau zoo, raws li cov feem ntau ua haujlwm los ntawm kev khi reagants rau saum npoo.

Q: Dab tsi yog qhov catalyst hauv biology rau menyuam yaus?

A: Ib yam khoom muaj peev xwm nce tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj nws tus kheej raug noj lossis hloov los ntawm cov tshuaj reacting hu ua catalyst.

Q: Ib tug neeg puas tuaj yeem ua tus catalyst?

A: Catalysts yog cov neeg uas ua rau tej yam tshwm sim. Lawv tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv ib lub koom haum. Peb ntseeg tias qhov ntawd ua rau lawv tsis muaj nuj nqis, tab sis ntau tus neeg pom lawv ua "kev cuam tshuam" lossis "tus tsim teeb meem." Yog tias koj tau raug hu ua qhov no, koj yuav yog Catalyst.

Q: Dab tsi yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws catalyst?

A: Platinum thiab palladium compounds feem ntau nyiam raws li lawv cov haujlwm siab. Platinum compounds yog kev lag luam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws raws li kev txiav txim siab nqi.

Q: Yuav ua li cas lub catalyst ua kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sai?

A: Ib qho catalyst nce tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm kev txo qis lub zog ua kom muaj zog. Lub catalyst nce tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si rau pem hauv ntej thiab rov qab cov lus qhia los ntawm kev muab ib tug alternate txoj kev nrog rau qis activation zog. Yog tias lub zog ua kom txo qis, ntau cov reactants tuaj yeem hla lub zog thaiv tau yooj yim.

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