Taw qhia
Catalysis yog txheej txheem tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, thiab hlau catalysts yog hom catalysts feem ntau siv. Cov hlau catalysts yog siv los ua kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm kev muab qhov chaw uas cov reactants tuaj yeem cuam tshuam, ua rau txo qis hauv kev ua kom lub zog. Kab lus no yuav muab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau catalysts feem ntau siv, lawv cov khoom, thiab lawv cov kev siv.
Platinum
Platinum yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau siv hlau catalysts vim nws cov kev ua haujlwm siab thiab kev xaiv, nrog rau nws cov kev tiv thaiv corrosion thiab oxidation. Platinum yog siv rau hauv ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog kev tsim cov tshuaj xws li acetic acid thiab hydrogen peroxide, thiab hauv kev lag luam automotive ua cov catalyst hauv catalytic converters. Txawm li cas los xij, platinum yog kim, uas txwv nws txoj kev siv hauv qee daim ntawv thov.
Palladium
Palladium yog lwm qhov siv hlau catalyst vim nws cov haujlwm siab thiab muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj ntau yam kev cuam tshuam. Palladium feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj zoo thiab tshuaj, nrog rau hauv kev lag luam automotive ua ib qho catalyst rau txo cov nitrogen oxides. Zoo li platinum, palladium kuj tseem kim, uas txwv nws txoj kev siv hauv qee daim ntawv thov.
Ruthenium
Ruthenium yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm siab thiab xaiv cov hlau catalyst, uas ua rau nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog kev tsim cov ammonia thiab olefins. Ruthenium tseem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv catalyzing hydrogenation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov fatty acids thiab tshuaj. Txawm hais tias nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, ruthenium tsis yog siv raws li platinum thiab palladium vim nws cov txheeb ze tsis tshua muaj nqi thiab tus nqi siab.
Rhodium
Rhodium yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm siab thiab xaiv hlau catalyst feem ntau siv los tsim cov acetic acid, nrog rau qee qhov kev cuam tshuam hydrogenation. Rhodium kuj tseem muaj txiaj ntsig hauv catalyzing decomposition ntawm nitrogen oxides hauv kev siv tsheb. Zoo li platinum thiab palladium, rhodium yog kim, uas txwv tsis pub nws siv hauv qee daim ntawv thov.
Nickel
Nickel yog ib hom hlau catalyst vim nws tus nqi qis thiab muaj peev xwm catalyze ntau yam kev cuam tshuam, suav nrog hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, thiab isomerization. Nickel feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj xws li margarine thiab hluavtaws roj hmab, nrog rau hauv kev lag luam roj av los ua ib qho catalyst rau kev tawg thiab kev hloov pauv. Txawm li cas los xij, npib tsib xee tsis ua haujlwm lossis xaiv ib yam li lwm cov hlau catalysts, uas txwv nws txoj kev siv hauv qee daim ntawv thov.
Tooj
Tooj liab yog ib qho pheej yig hlau catalyst uas feem ntau siv los tsim cov tshuaj methanol thiab lwm yam tshuaj, nrog rau hauv kev lag luam petrochemical rau hydrogenation thiab dehydrogenation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tooj liab kuj tseem muaj txiaj ntsig hauv catalyzing decomposition ntawm nitrogen oxides hauv kev siv tsheb. Txawm li cas los xij, tooj liab tsis ua haujlwm lossis xaiv ib yam li lwm cov hlau catalysts, uas txwv nws txoj kev siv hauv qee daim ntawv thov.
Hlau
Hlau yog ib hom hlau catalyst vim nws cov nqi qis thiab muaj peev xwm catalyze ntau yam kev cuam tshuam, suav nrog hydrogenation thiab oxidation. Hlau feem ntau yog siv los tsim cov tshuaj xws li ammonia thiab methanol, nrog rau hauv kev lag luam roj av rau desulfurization thiab hydrocracking cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Txawm li cas los xij, hlau tsis muaj zog los yog xaiv ib yam li lwm cov hlau catalysts, uas txwv tsis pub nws siv hauv qee daim ntawv thov.
Xaus
Hlau catalysts yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj, thiab feem ntau siv hlau catalysts xws li platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, npib tsib xee, tooj liab, thiab hlau. Txhua yam ntawm cov hlau catalysts muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas ua rau lawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv ntau hom kev siv, tab sis kuj muaj cov kev txwv uas yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum xaiv cov catalyst rau ib qho kev tshwm sim. Txawm hais tias muaj kev txwv ntawm cov hlau catalysts, lawv tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam chemical los ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig thiab cov khoom siv.
